by
Jacques=20
Dufour
CNAM Laboratoire des sciences nucl=C3=A9aires, =
2 rue=20
Cont=C3=A9 75003 Paris France
Direct Download
Abstract:
The nuclear =
signatures that=20
can be expected when contacting hydrogen with nickel, were derived =
from=20
thermal results recently obtained (Rossi energy amplifier), using =
the type=20
of reaction paths proposed as the explanation of the energy =
produced. The=20
consequences of proton or neutron capture have been studied. It =
was shown=20
that these consequences are not in line with the experimental=20
observations. A novel tentative explanation is thus described. =
Should this=20
explanation be true, it is proposed to call pico-chemistry the =
novel field=20
thus opened.
=E2=80=A6
Introduction:
In a recent =
paper [1], it=20
was shown that, if the reaction path occurring in a Rossi energy =
amplifier=20
[2], was mainly proton capture, the lead thickness required to =
completely=20
suppress the gamma flux produced, would be in the order of tens of =
cm. The=20
lead screen used (2 cm) should thus have resulted in a lethal =
gamma dose=20
emitted in the surroundings. Another explanation, different from =
proton or=20
neutron capture is thus to be found. In [3], the concept of =
pico-chemistry=20
was presented, that could explain the generation of photons in the =
range=20
of tens of keV, thus compatible with the lead screening used in =
the energy=20
amplifier.
In chemistry, =
compounds are=20
formed by the binding of the components through their outer =
electronic=20
shells. Ionic, metallic and covalent hydrides of metals are known. =
Thus,=20
Nickel hydride NiH can be viewed as an hydrogen and a nickel atoms =
maintained at a few angstrom distance, through a metallic =
bound.
In contrast, in a pico-nickel =
hydride, a=20
(shrunken) hydrogen atom would be inside the electronic cortege of =
the=20
Nickel and bound to the nickel at close proximity of its nucleus. =
In [3] a=20
tentative explanation was given, of the possibility of such an =
exotic=20
hydride. Another approach is presented in this paper.
Possible existence of a small =
hydrogen-like dipole and reaction with a nickel=20
nucleus:
Various concepts =
of a=20
shrunken hydrogen atom have been presented. In [4], the =
possibility of=20
having bound states of a proton and an electron with lower radius =
and=20
higher ionization energy than the usual Bohr values is claimed. =
These=20
bound states were called hydrinos and attributed to the =
possibility of=20
having fractional values for the main quantum number of the =
hydrogen atom.=20
In [5] a metastable state is justified by the electron spin/proton =
nuclear=20
spin interaction being first order in the environment of a lattice =
(it is=20
third order in vacuum). This state was called hydrex and proposed =
as an=20
explanation for fission-like reaction occurring in metallic =
lattices.=20
Finally, the interaction of a proton and an electron could result =
in a=20
virtual neutron [6], that could be captured by and react with the =
Ni=20
nucleus.
In this paper, =
the evolution=20
of a virtual neutron like association between a proton and an =
electron, in=20
contact with an atom is examined.
At the surface =
of various=20
materials (metals, metal oxides, metal hydrides=E2=80=A6), =
electrons are more or=20
less free to leave the solid (work function). In an hydrogen =
environment,=20
it is conceivable that from time to time a virtual neutron can be =
formed=20
between such an electron and a proton [6], with a deficit of =
energy of=20
0.781 MeV:
The life time of this virtual =
neutron is=20
limited by the Heisenberg uncertainty relation =
=E2=88=86t=E2=88=86E>h, which sets the=20
maximum distance d it can travel:
The maximum of d =
is thus=20
some 250 fm and the virtual neutron, formed at the periphery of an =
atom=20
has hardly any chance to reach the close vicinity of the nucleus =
of this=20
atom. It can nevertheless sufficiently penetrate the outer =
electronic=20
cortege of the atom so as to feel the (screened) positive =
potential of the=20
nucleus of the atom, when reverting to a proton and an electron. =
An=20
electrical dipole is thus formed, which is attracted by the =
nucleus of the=20
atom. One can wonder if the resulting effect of the action of the =
positive=20
charge of the nucleus will ultimately end up in the destruction of =
the=20
dipole, the proton being rejected to infinite and the electron =
bound to=20
the nucleus. This would certainly be the case if the nucleus where =
not=20
surrounded by its electronic cortege (Z time ionized nucleus). In =
the case=20
of an atom with its electrons, an equilibrium position of the =
dipole could=20
be reached, at close vicinity of the nucleus. To demonstrate the=20
possibility of such a bound state, the complete Hamiltonian of the =
system=20
would have to be solved, which is not possible. A semi-empirical =
approach=20
has thus been developed, to reach the orders of magnitude of the=20
characteristics of such a dipole and its interactions with an atom =
A. This=20
could be used as a guide when looking at the experimental results =
expected=20
in case of an excess energy measured in the system hydrogen/nickel =
(energy=20
of radiations emitted, characteristics of the by-products).
In order to =
distinguish this=20
concept of shrunken hydrogen atom from others, it is proposed to =
call it=20
Hypole (Deupole and=20
Tripole being the 2 other isotopes).
Semi empiric description of =
the=20
Hypole:
Figure =
1=20
gives a description of the Hypole, which is proposed to be written =
H=C2=AFNi when the host atom A is Nickel and its =
(possible) bound=20
state with the Ni atom, a Nickel pico-hydride=20
NiH=C2=AFNi.
d is =
the distance=20
between the centers of gravity of positive and negative charges in =
the=20
hypole.
r is =
the distance=20
between the proton and the electron.
R is =
the distance=20
between the center of the nucleus of the atom A and the center of =
gravity=20
of the hypole.
Z is =
the charge=20
number of the atom A
The potential =
that the=20
dipole proton/electron feels from A is at first order (when d/R is =
small):
During its attraction by A, the =
spatial=20
extension of the dipole is limited by the repulsion of the inner =
layers of=20
the electrons of A, resulting in a shrinking of this hydrogen-like =
object=20
and in a limitation of its polarization. In order to get first=20
guesstimated values of the size and energy of the hypole and of =
the bound=20
state it might form with A, following assumptions are made:
1. The action of =
the=20
electronic cortege of A (especially the s electrons of A) on the =
dipole=20
and the presence at short distance of the Z protons of A are =
equivalent to=20
the attraction of the electron by the proton in the hypole being=20
multiplied by a factor K>1. Hence, the (pseudo) coulomb =
interaction in=20
the dipole is:
2. d is =
small and=20
proportional to R. Hence, d=3DkR, with k small.
3. The electron =
of the=20
hypole H=C2=AFA cannot be found in the nucleus of the =
atom A=20
(competition with the s electrons of A). Hence, =
r=E2=89=A4R
With these =
assumptions, the=20
Bohr radius of H=C2=AFA would be:
and its energy =
of=20
formation:
In a similar =
way, the Bohr=20
radius of AH=C2=AFA would be:
and its energy =
of=20
formation:
with mH being =
the mass of=20
the hydrogen atom.
Under assumption =
3, the=20
smallest possible bound object AH=C2=AFA is obtained =
for
In that case=20
meK=3DmHKZ. Expressing the energies as a =
function of the=20
unknown k, one gets:
and
finally yielding =
the=20
following value for the total energy given by the hypole formation =
followed by its binding with A:
The bulk of the energy is =
coming from the=20
formation of the Hypole. EH=C2=AFA likely to be of the =
order of=20
magnitude of the energies that can be found close to the A =
nucleus, that=20
is the s electrons energy E^sA.
A guesstimated value of k is =
thus:
In the case of Nickel and =
taking for=20
E^sNi the average value 10.5 keV, the following =
guesstimated=20
description of H=C2=AFNi and NiH=C2=AF Ni is =
obtained=20
(Table 1):
Properties =
of the=20
Hypole:
The hypole is a picometer size =
hydrogen-like=20
object. It can only exist when embedded in the electronic cortege =
of an=20
atom A, where its equilibrium position is very close to the =
nucleus of A.=20
Its size and energy of formation depends upon A. In the case of =
Nickel,=20
the size is some 2 picometer and the energy of formation round 10 =
keV.=20
Hence the names and notations proposed.
The best way for characterizing an hypole, is to measure the =
mass of=20
the corresponding A/pico-hydride. In the case of nickel, following =
masses=20
are expected, that take into account the energy of formation=20
(Table 2):
The mass differences given by Table 2 could be =
easily=20
detected using a high resolution TOF Mass Spectrometer on an =
acidic=20
solution of the nickel pico-hydride (probably possible see below, =
chemical=20
properties). SIMS TOF Mass Spectrometry is not adapted, since the =
primary=20
ions energies are of the order of the energy of formation of the =
hypole.=20
An ICP TOF Mass Spectrometer would be adapted.
As regards the =
chemical=20
properties of NiH=C2=AFNi, they should be close to the =
Nickel ones.=20
The outer electronic layers of NiH=C2=AFNi indeed see the =
positive=20
charge of the nickel atom, the effect of the hypole =
H=C2=AFNi being=20
second order in that respect. A shift of the characteristic rays =
given by=20
nickel in ICP-AOS could be observed.
Finally the =
radiations=20
emitted during the hypole formation, would be photons in the 10 =
keV range,=20
thus completely suppressed by the 2 cm layer of lead in the energy =
amplifier. Faint signals of higher energy photons (annihilation =
radiation)=20
could anyhow be detected. They might be the signature of an =
inherent=20
instability of the hypole and of the corresponding pico-hydride, =
which is=20
discussed now.
Stability of =
the=20
(nickel) hypole:
The nickel hypole is a small =
object of=20
picometer dimension and at picometer distance from the nickel =
nucleus. Its=20
virtual neutron state may have a non zero probability to penetrate =
the=20
nickel nucleus and react with it according to the neutron capture =
route=20
developed in [6] and [1]. Most of the gamma photons resulting from =
the=20
stabilization of the primary excited nickel nuclei are of energy =
higher=20
than 1 MeV [1]. They mainly interact with the lead shield by =
producing=20
electron/positron pairs, ultimately yielding the annihilation =
radiation.=20
From the experimental observations, the rate of virtual neutron =
capture=20
should be very low (some 10^-20 s^-1, in the experiment =
2009(3-5/4-26)=20
presented in [2]).
Conclusions:
In this=20
paper, a rough description is given, of a novel chemical =
interaction.=20
Orders of magnitudes of the main characteristics of this still=20
hypothetical interaction are given.
It is hoped that =
this=20
approach will be of help when trying to understand the thermal =
results=20
obtained with the energy amplifier.
Should the experimental results =
and their=20
interpretation be true, pico-chemistry would become a =
reality.
References:
[1] J.=20
Dufour =E2=80=9CNuclear signatures to be expected from Rossi =
energy amplifier=E2=80=9D=20
Journal of nuclear physics May 6th 2010
[2] S. Focardi and A. =
Rossi =E2=80=9CA=20
new energy source from nuclear fusion=E2=80=9D Journal of nuclear =
physics
[3]=20
J. Dufour =E2=80=9CVery sizeable increase of gravity at pico-meter =
distance: a=20
novel working hypothesis to explain anomalous heat effects and =
apparent=20
transmutations in certain metal hydrogen systems=E2=80=9D J. of =
condensed matter=20
nuclear science 1 (2007) p 47-61.
[4] R.L. Mills and W.R. Good =
=E2=80=9CA=20
unified theory derived from first principles=E2=80=9D Black light =
power, Inc.=20
(1992)
[5] J. Dufour, D. Murat, X. Dufour and J. Foos =
=E2=80=9CExperimental=20
observation of nuclear reactions in palladium and uranium: =
possible=20
explanation by the hydrex mode=E2=80=9D Fusion Science and =
Technology Vol.40-July=20
2001- p.91-106
[6] L. Daddi =E2=80=9CVirtual neutrons in =
orbital capture=E2=80=9D=20
Journal of nuclear physics March 18, 2010
Great addtion to this site.
This article is very worthwhile.
Anything one man can imagine, other men can make = real
Interesting,
A.R.
Long-Range Yukawa Potential:
See: http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.0955
=E2=80=9D These reactions are likely to emit X-Rays in the = keV level of=20 energy, which could sustain the reaction once initiated. = =E2=80=9D
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN TO VERIFY THE YPCP MODEL: =E2=80=9CYUKAWA = PICO-CHEMISTRY=20 and PHYSICS=E2=80=9D
IMPLICATIONS IN THE CF-LENR FIELD.
Jacques Dufour1, Xavier Dufour, Denis Murat, Jacques Foos = CNAM =E2=80=93=20 Laboratoire des Sciences Nucl=C3=A9aires =E2=80=93 2 rue = Cont=C3=A9 =E2=80=93 CC304A =E2=80=93 75003 Paris=20
Dr. Rossi,
I read this Oct 2008 paper by Jacques and Xavier Dufour et al = of CNAM=20 on the subject of Pico Chemistry and the = =E2=80=9Clong-range=E2=80=9D Yukawa=20 Potential.
This paper is very interesting because it is comprehensible = and fills=20 in a lot of gaps in my knowledge and is relevant to our = discussion of=20 Pico-Chemistry, X-rays and, perhaps, hypoles.
This paper deals with Palladium and Deuterons rather than = Nickel and=20 Protons but the underlying physics ought to be similar.
Perhaps, Dr Dufour could comment on his expectation of the = behavior=20 of a Nickel-Hydrogen system as well as the possibility that = these=20 experiments may be accessible via your Energy Amplifier.
Thank you,
Joseph Fine
Thank you for this info, Dr Fine.
A.R.
Pico-chemistry Lab Equipment: An X-ray spectrometer
Dr. Rossi:
I apologize for not checking my E-mail recently.
Here are some links on X-ray detector instrumentation. I = meant to ask=20 if you find significant levels of X-rays = =E2=80=98inside=E2=80=99 the reactor.
AMPTEK (and others) manufacture X-ray and Gamma Ray = detectors.
An AMPTEK SDD (or similar) may be used to find evidence of = hypole=20 radiation at 10-11 Kev.
Looking forward to learning of your results.
Theory will have to catch up.
Best wishes,
J.F.
http://www.amptek.com/index.html
http://www.amptek.com/appnotes.html
http://www.amptek.com/pdf/ansdd3.pdf
AMPTEK SILICON DRIFT DETECTORS
Amptek, Inc. has recently added silicon drift detectors = (SDDs) to its=20 family of X-ray detectors. Although new to Amptek, SDDs are a = mature=20 X-ray detector technology offering higher performance than = conventional=20 planar detectors.
An SDD has less electronic noise than a = comparable=20 planar detector, particularly at short peaking times.
This gives the SDD better energy resolution at moderate count = rates=20 and much better energy resolution at high count rates. The = difference is=20 most significant at low energies (where Fano broadening is = least.) This=20 application note will provide some background information on = SDDs, on=20 how they compare to planar detectors, and when they are=20 recommended.
Dear Dr Fine,
I reply to your email of November 8th: = actually, I=20 didn=E2=80=99t write that in our process there are no = radiations, since=20 radiations are the source of the energy we produce, I said we do = not=20 have residual radiations outside the reactor, in the sorrounding = environment.
Warm regards,
A.R.
p.s. Yes, today is the = X Rays=20 day=E2=80=A6Thanks to Roentgen.
Dr. Rossi,
Have you measured any X-ray output at the proposed (Prof. = Dufour)=20 hypole formation energy of approximately 10.5 Kev?
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=3D10500+eV+
According to WOLFRAM ALPHA, the wavelength that corresponds = to 10,500=20 eV is about 118 pm. If hypole formation rate can be increased = and, as=20 the quantity of ~118 pm photons increases (if there are any), = perhaps a=20 feedback mechanism can be developed whereby it, in turn, will = increase=20 or =E2=80=9Cstimulate=E2=80=9D the hypole formation rate = =E2=80=93 thus resembling an X-ray=20 laser. (So that means reflectors are needed to keep the photons = in the=20 vicinity. )
Just as an electron can be =E2=80=99stimulated=E2=80=99 to = radiate a photon and fall=20 to a lower energy level when illuminated with a photon of the = proper=20 wavelength, an electron in close proximity to a nucleus (i.e. in = wave=20 function collapse, contraction or Zimzum*) may be = =E2=80=99stimulated=E2=80=99 by an=20 X-ray photon to fall to a metastable level (the = hypole-hydrino-Santilli=20 neutron state) then radiate another X-ray photon.
* Zimzum/(Tsimtsum) The concept that God contracts from = completely=20 filling up the universe/spacetime in order to continually = provide room=20 for the creation.
( Experimenters are urged to err on the side of caution. = )
J. F.
=E2=80=9CYour theory is crazy, the question is whether = it=E2=80=99s crazy enough to=20 be true.=E2=80=9D
=E2=80=93 Niels Bohr
Dear Sir:
To publish your article on the Journal Of = Nuclear=20 Physics you have to mail it as an attachment in Word to:
info@journal-of-nucle= ar-physics.com.
Your=20 article will be checked by an attorney to verify that the = content is=20 legal and will be peer reviewed by a physics professor. The peer = reviewing will take from one to three months, depending on the=20 complexity. If it will be accepted, it will be published for = free, as=20 all the papers of our Journal.
Warm Regards,
The Board Of=20 Advisers
Dear Sir,
I want to send an article on my Ph D research = work on=20 TRIGA Mark-II Research Reactor for publishing in your = journal.Please=20 inform me the rules & resulation and format for publication. = My=20 email address is tazulbmc@gmail.com
Interesting insight.
I didn=E2=80=99t try, jet, but I=20 will.
Thanks,
A.R.
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