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« AGNI –
Avagadro’s Gravity for Nuclear Interactions

Is the
Rossi energy amplifier the first pico-chemical reactor? »

Abnormal excess heat measured during Mizuno-type experiments:
Artifacts elimination

by
Jean-François FAUVARQUE
Pierre
Paul CLAUZON
Gérard Jean-Michel LALLEVÉ
CNAM Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Industrielle, 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris FRANCE

Gérard LE BUZIT
CNAM Laboratoire des
Sciences Nucléaires, 2 rue Conté 75003 Paris FRANCE

« Anyone who has never made a mistake has
never tried anything new »

Albert Einstein

Abstract:

During a new Mizuno-type experiments
series, we examine more deeply the possible artifacts. In particular, the
electric power measurement was carefully studied. We found that the
bandwidth of our usual Unigor wattmeter was not large enough to give a
correct measurement of the inlet electric energy when the current is very
disturbed. The results that we gave in ref. 2 (Sotchi -ICCF13) are
therefore inaccurate. However, we present here complementary experiments
that allowed us to find again abnormal excess heat.(*)

(*) with Nickel cathode addendum

1. Introduction:

The search for a new CNAM team to pursue
our cold fusion works lead us to make demonstration of our electrolysis
experiments based on our boiling water calorimeter (ref 2).

As noticed in ref. 2 and illustrated by Fig1, which gives the scheme of
the boiling water calorimeter, the said calorimeter allowed us to solve
two artifacts:

- storage and destorage (the internal reactor temperature remains
always at 100°C and then do not allow any stored heat)
- the possible
electrolyte droplets losses (the condensed steam gives an easy chemical
way to check up if electrolyte droplets are carried on)

Fig.1 – Boiling water colorimeter

The last artifact to be verified in depth
is the inlet electric power measurement. Our experiments are done at
constant voltage, but the current is extremely disturbed (many peaks,
higher than 10 Amps). In our past experiments, we have verified that the
heat released in a thermal resistance put in succession with the
electrolysis enduring the same current was conforting the calorimetric
measurements with an error margin inferior to 2%. This experiment was
repeated and confirmed at Boulder in the same conditions with R. Slaughter
and L. Kowalski. But nevertheless we have to recognize that in that case
the voltage does not remain constant. It is shared between the resistance
and the electrolysis. Power peaks are flattened favorizing then a better
measurement by our wattmeter. Moreover, the electrolysis being made at
constant voltage, recordings of the mean current’s measurement seemed to
show us a relatively good correlation with our Unigor wattmeter.

2. New measurements of the inlet
electric power:

For this new analysis, we had in hands:

- our Unigor wattmeter (390 LEM) used in our past experiments (band
width up to 100 kHz)
- a D6000 Norma Goerz wattmeter ( with a quite
larger band width : DC, 0.02 Hz to 2.0 MHz) lent by EDF (Etudes et
Recherches)
- an oscilloscope allowing us to have mean current values
to combine with the supposed constant voltage.

As seen in Fig. 2 (curves normalized at 200 volts), the measurements
made with the D6000 wattmeter were very close to the thermal values.
On the contrary, the Unigor values did not agree with the D6000 values,
especially after 280-300 volts and this explained the erroneous abnormal
excess heat measurements announced.

The measurements obtained with the oscilloscope confirmed globally
those obtained with the D6000 wattmeter.

So, abnormal heat seems to have disappeared!

3. Return to our Yokohama type
experiments (ref. 1):

Therefore, we tried to understand why the
abnormal excess heat seemed to have disappeared. We have then thought that
the reactor in our boiling water calorimeter, was not large enough (only 1
litter) for the electrolysis to be made in and that violent moves of the
electrolyte consequently disrupted the plasma around the cathode. Thus, we
suspect that this phenomenon is responsible for the disappearance of the
abnormal excess heat.

We decided to return to the experimental set-up presented in ref.1
(Yokohama -ICCF12), in which the volume of the beaker was 5 times larger
for the electrolysis, but we replaced this 5 liters beaker by a Dewar
flask of the same volume.  See fig 3.

Fig.3 – Experimental Yokohama (ICCF12) set up

We have taken the same experimental
conditions than in ref. 1 and ref. 2, that is to say:

- a Sartorius balance, measuring up to 6 kg at an accuracy of 0.1
g
- a continuous current electricity supply (500 volts, 4 amperes)
-
a tungsten cathode of 2.4 mm
- a wire in platinized titanium for
anode
- an electrolyte made with  K²CO3 at 0.2 M

Calibration tests made with a thermal resistance (~150 ohm) show us
that in the range of 250 w to 700 w the thermal losses were very small and
constant.

Our first electrolysis experiments were perturbed by the storage and
destorage problem. We found out that the problem was due to non uniform
temperature distribution (normally 100°C everywhere) inside the Dewar
flask due to electrolyte stratification. We solved this problem by leaving
inside the Dewar flask a thermal resistance giving a continuous power at
about 300 watts. Convection of hot electrolyte inside the Dewar flask
gives then the good temperature (100°C) everywhere. Of course, we have to
take into account the continuous loss of water due to this 300 watt extra
power.

Thanks to our quite deep Dewar and also to a well arranged perforated
teflon screen just above the electrodes, we did not notice any electrolyte
droplets losses. Moreover, the storage and destorage problem was solved
and verified by measurements made with an auxiliary thermal
resistance.

4. Results obtained:

First, we will give an example of our
experimental procedure, as done in our run of July 17th 2008.

Voltage applied was 300 Volts.
Duration of the run: 25 minutes.
T
minutes (mn)
M: water mass (g).
Wh : Electric energy furnished
(Wh).
(Water loss due to the auxiliary thermal heater for 2.5 minutes:
22g)

T

M

Wh

0

-150

545

2.5

-183

560.6

5.0

-240

575.1

7.5

-276

589.6

10.0

-328

602.8

12.5

-375

615.9

15

-416

628.9

17.5

-447

641.8

20

-493

654.7

22.5

-530

667.3

25

-585

679.7

The mean COP during this run
may be obtained as following:

Mean thermal energy produced by electrolysis for 2.5
minutes between 2.5 and 25 minutes (9 intervals of 2.5
minutes):
(585-183)/9 – 22 = 22.7 g, that is to say: 22.7×2260= 51302
joules.

Electric energy furnished for 2.5 minutes between 2.5
and 25 minutes:
(679.7-560.6)/9 = 13.2 Wh, that is to say:  13.2 x
3600 = 47520 joules

Mean COP value:      51302/47520 =
1.08

The preliminary results obtained from July 2008 to July 2009 are the
following:

Voltage applied

COP values

200v

1.00

250v

1.09   1.00
1.10    0.97

300 v

1.06   1.08
1.04    1.01

The accuracy of our measurements is fairly
good ( 2 to 3 % max. error margin), as we have a measurement made every
2.5 minute during about 20 to 30  minutes duration for a given test.
On the other hand, in this type of experiment, it is difficult to imagine
to have negative thermal losses ( destorage problem has been solved) and
usually, the COP values are under 1.00. One can however notice that the
positive COP values larger than one are not very large and that they are
not as reproducible as formerly announced in ref.2.

Addendum:

Recently, we made new tests by replacing the Tungsten cathode by a
Nickel cathode. The fusion temperature of the Nickel metal being 1450°C,
we were aware that the electric potential to be applied should be lower
than in the Tungsten case.

The main features of our experimental set up were the following:

- Diameter of the cathode rod : 2mm et length of the emerging cathode:
20 mm
- 5l vessel containing 3l of electrolyte ²KCO3 (0.2 M)

Preliminary values obtained for the COP were the following  (mean
values on 10 to 20 minutes tests):

V (volts)

COP

160

1.0

170

1.0

210

1.004

228

1.09

In the positive case at 228 volts, the
electric power was 190 watts. The quite small length of Nickel cathode
disappeared seems to exclude formation of significant quantities of Nickel
hydride and/or Nickel oxide. So, we have noticed quite really an abnormal
excess heat with Nickel.

5. Conclusion:

After a severe doubt due to the use of a
wattmeter without a sufficiently large bandwidth, we were able to find
again values for the ratio of outlet thermal energy to inlet electric
energy (COP) larger than 1.00 . We think that these values are meaningful.
For the time being, these values are not very large and do not occur as
often as we wrote in ref. 2. We may add that we get an hypothesis for the
disappearance of the excess heat: the size of the reactor in our boiling
water calorimeter was too small and the violent moves of the electrolyte
inside disrupted the plasma around the cathode and the abnormal excess
heat disappeared.

However, although we think that these results are quite encouraging,
they need to be confirmed and we need a bigger involvement of new sponsors
in the future studies because the hope of a clean, cheap and abundant
energy deserves it, even if some uncertainties cannot be completely
avoided.

Acknowledgements:
we
want to thank Didier NOËL (EDF – Etudes et recherches) very much for his
advice and his lent of the D6100 Norma Goerz wattmeter. We also thank
Jean-Louis NAUDIN very much for his advice during our work.

Literature:

[1] « Abnormal excess heat observed during
Mizuno-type experiments » by J.F. Fauvarque- P.P. Clauzon- G.J-M. Lallevé
– Service d’électrochimie Industrielle du CNAM – Paper given at Yokohama –
Nov.2005 – ICCF12 meeting.

[2] « A boiling-water calorimeter for the study of the abnormal excess
heat observed during MIZUNO-like experiments » by J.F. Fauvarque – P.P.
Clauzon – G. J-M. Lallevé – G. Le Buzit (CNAM Paris) paper given at Sotchi
– Nov 2007 – ICCF 13 meeting.

October 5th, 2010 | Category: Publication

7 comments to Abnormal excess heat measured during
Mizuno-type experiments: Artifacts elimination

Andrea
Rossi

February
22nd, 2011 at 8:33 AM

Dear Prof. Clauzon,
Of course you, Jean Lagarde and Jacques
Dufour, who always sustained me, since the beginning, will be
invited.
Warm regards,
Andrea Rossi

Pierre
Clauzon

February
22nd, 2011 at 8:17 AM

Dear Andrea,

All my wishes for your 1 MW success in October in Athens… I will be
very happy to be your invited guest at that time with my friend Jean de
Lagarde…

Warm regards
Pierre Clauzon

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